Kuwona Zida Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamafasteners
Zida zomangira kwambiri ndi zitsulo. Monga munthu yemwe amagwira ntchito mumakampani othamangitsa, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zosintha, kusiyanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zomangira ndikofunikira pakusankha yoyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito. Nayi chidule cha zida zomangira zomwe wamba, zolemba zake, ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito:
Ⅰ. Chitsulo cha Carbon
Kupanga: Chitsulo cha mpweya chimakhala ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi mpweya wochepa (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 1.7%) ndipo nthawi zina zinthu zina monga manganese, silicon, kapena sulfure.
Maphunziro: Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon (chofatsa), chitsulo chapakati cha carbon, chitsulo cha carbon high.
♦Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti mild steel, chimakhala ndi mpweya wa carbon kuyambira 0.10% mpaka 0.30%. Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon ndi chosavuta kuvomereza ma processing osiyanasiyana monga kupangira, kuwotcherera ndi kudula, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maunyolo, ma rivets, ma bolts, shafts, ndi zina zotero. Zimaphatikizapo zitsulo zambiri za carbon structural steels ndi zina zapamwamba za carbon structural steels. Ambiri aiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zaukadaulo popanda chithandizo cha kutentha, ndipo ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina omwe amafunikira kukana kukana pambuyo pa carbonization ndi mankhwala ena otentha.
♦Sing'anga mpweya zitsulo ndi carbon zitsulo ndi zili carbon zili 0.25% mpaka 0.60%. Kuphatikiza pa kaboni, imathanso kukhala ndi manganese pang'ono (0.70% mpaka 1.20%). Malingana ndi khalidwe la mankhwala, amagawidwa kukhala zitsulo za carbon structural zitsulo komanso zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri za carbon structural. Ili ndi ntchito yabwino yotentha komanso yodula, koma kusagwira bwino ntchito kuwotcherera. Mphamvu ndi kuuma kwake ndizokwera kuposa zachitsulo chochepa cha carbon, pamene pulasitiki ndi kulimba ndizochepa kuposa zachitsulo chochepa cha carbon. Chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino amakina pambuyo pozimitsa ndi kutentha. Choncho, mu ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi milingo sing'anga mphamvu, sing'anga mpweya zitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangira, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zosiyanasiyana zamakina.
♦Chitsulo chapamwamba cha carbon, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa chitsulo chachitsulo, chimakhala ndi mpweya wa carbon kuchokera ku 0.60% mpaka 1.70% ndipo ukhoza kuumitsidwa ndi kupsya mtima.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri & Ntchito: Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngatimabawuti, mtedza,zomangira, ndi zidole. Amapereka mphamvu zabwino komanso zotsika mtengo. Thandizo lapamtunda monga plating la zinki litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti musachite dzimbiri.
Ⅱ. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Kupanga: Aloyi yachitsulo, chromium (Chromium zili 12% mpaka 30%), ndi zinthu zina monga faifi tambala, molybdenum, ndi nayitrogeni. Zomwe zili mu chromium zimapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri.
Chromium ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zisawonongeke. Zinthu za chromium muzitsulo zikafika pafupifupi 1.2%, chromium imakumana ndi okosijeni m'malo owononga kupanga filimu yopyapyala kwambiri (filimu yodziyendetsa yokha) pamtunda wachitsulo, womwe ungalepheretse kuwonongeka kwa matrix achitsulo. Kuphatikiza pa chromium, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo faifi tambala, molybdenum, titaniyamu, niobium, mkuwa, nayitrogeni, etc.
Mitundu: Austenitic (mwachitsanzo, 201, 304, 316), Martensitic (mwachitsanzo, 410, 420), Ferritic (mwachitsanzo, 430,446).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri & Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe kukana kwa dzimbiri ndikofunikira, monga mafakitale apanyanja, mankhwala, ndi mafakitale opanga zakudya. Komanso oyenera ntchito kutentha kwambiri.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sichidzachititsa dzimbiri, kugwetsa, dzimbiri kapena kutha. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga. Chifukwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri, chimatha kusunga kukhulupirika kwa kapangidwe kazinthu zamapangidwe mpaka kalekale. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhala ndi chromium chimaphatikizanso mphamvu zamakina ndi kutalika kwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kukonza ndi kupanga zida.
Ⅲ. Chitsulo cha Aloyi
Kupanga: Lili ndi maelementi ambiri a aloyi (monga chromium, faifi tambala, molybdenum, vanadium) poyerekeza ndi chitsulo cha carbon, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zinthu monga mphamvu, kulimba, ndi kulimba.
Ngati chromium zili mu aloyi zitsulo kufika pafupifupi 12%, wandiweyani chromium okusayidi adzapanga pamwamba pa chitsulo, kuchititsa kusintha mwadzidzidzi dzimbiri kukana dzimbiri zitsulo oxidizing TV ndi bwino kwambiri. Zinthu monga chromium, aluminiyamu, ndi silicon zimatha kusintha kukana kwa okosijeni ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa chitsulo ku mipweya yotentha kwambiri, koma aluminiyumu yochulukirapo ndi silicon zimawononga thermoplasticity yachitsulo. Nickel imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndikukhazikitsa austenite, kuti chitsulo chizitha kupeza zinthu zamakina abwino, kukana dzimbiri komanso magwiridwe antchito. Molybdenum imatha kuphatikizira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosapanga asidi ndikuwongolera kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi ma ayoni a kloridi ndi media zina zomwe sizingawotche.
Maphunziro: Malingana ndi zomwe zili ndi zinthu zowonongeka, zimagawidwa kukhala zitsulo zotsika kwambiri (zomwe zili 10%).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri & Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomangira zamphamvu kwambiri pamagalimoto, zakuthambo, ndi makina olemera, komwe kumafunikira mphamvu zolimba komanso kukana kuvala.
Ⅳ. Mkuwa
Kupanga: Mkuwa weniweni kapena aloyi okhala ndi zitsulo zina zazing'ono monga malata (bronze) kapena zinki (mkuwa).
Mkuwa, chitsulo chonyezimira chofiirira, chimakhala ndi makulidwe a 8.92 g/cm3. Malo osungunuka 1083.4 ± 0.2 ℃, malo otentha 2567 ℃. Copper ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zakale kwambiri zomwe anthu anapeza komanso zitsulo zoyera kwambiri. Ndi yolimba pang'ono, yolimba kwambiri komanso yosavala. Ilinso ndi ductility yabwino. Ili ndi matenthedwe abwino komanso magetsi. Mkuwa ndi ma aloyi ake ena amakhala ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri bwino ndipo amakhala okhazikika mumpweya wowuma. Koma mumpweya wonyezimira, wosanjikiza wobiriwira woyambira wamkuwa wa carbonate ukhoza kupangidwa pamwamba pake, womwe umatchedwa verdigris. Amasungunuka mu asidi wa nitric ndi sulfuric acid wotentha kwambiri, ndipo amasungunuka pang'ono mu hydrochloric acid. Imawonongeka mosavuta ndi alkali.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri & Ntchito: Imadziwika chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri zamagetsi zamagetsi komanso kukana dzimbiri. Zomangira zamkuwa ndi zamkuwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri polumikizira magetsi ndi ntchito zam'madzi.
Ⅴ. Aluminiyamu
Kupanga: Aluminiyamu yoyera kapena zotayidwa zotayidwa, zomwe zingaphatikizepo zinthu monga mkuwa, magnesium, silicon, kapena zinki.
Aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chonyezimira choyera cha silvery chokhala ndi kachulukidwe ka 2.702 g/cm3, malo osungunuka a 660.37 ℃, ndi kuwira kwa 2467 ℃. Ili ndi madulidwe abwino amafuta, madulidwe amagetsi ndi ductility. Aluminiyamu imatchedwa chitsulo chogwira ntchito, koma filimu yowonjezereka ya oxide idzapanga pamwamba pake mumlengalenga, kuti isapitirire kuchitapo kanthu ndi mpweya ndi madzi. Ikhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi mpweya pa kutentha kwakukulu kuti itulutse kutentha kwakukulu. Mfundo ya thermite reaction ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga, monga kuwotcherera zitsulo zachitsulo, kusungunula zitsulo zosungunula, ndikupanga pyrotechnics yachikhalidwe.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri & Ntchito: Zopepuka komanso zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino pazamlengalenga, zamagalimoto, komanso zam'madzi. Zomangamanga za aluminiyamu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pomanga ndi zamagetsi chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kochepa komanso zinthu zopanda maginito.
Miyezo
• ISO(International Organisation for Standardization): Imapereka miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imagwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
• GB(Guobiao, China National Standard): Miyezo ya dziko la China.
• KUCHOKERA(Deutsches Institut für Normung, German Institute for Standardization): Miyezo yaku Germany, yodziwika padziko lonse lapansi.
• AISI/SAE(American Iron and Steel Institute / Society of Automotive Engineers): Miyezo yaku America, makamaka pazitsulo.
• IYE(Japanese Industrial Standards): Miyezo ya ku Japan, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko aku Asia.
Chilichonse chili ndi ubwino wake ndipo chimasankhidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga mphamvu, kukana kwa dzimbiri, kutentha, ndi mtengo. Ndikofunika kusankha zinthu zoyenera ndi kalasi kuti zitsimikizire kuti chomangira chikugwira ntchito modalirika pamalo omwe akufuna.
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